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| Niels Henrik David Bohr |
Niels Henrik David Bohr was born in
1885 in Copenhagen. In 1911 he achieved his doctorate physics from the
University of Copenhagen. Shortly after that he went to Cambridge, England.
There he studied under the tutelage J.J. Thompson,
the famous scientist who discovered the electron. In just a few months after
that Bohr moved to Manchester, studied at Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus of a few years
earlier (the nucleus) of the atom. This was Rutherford who confirms (in
contrast to earlier suggestions) that atoms are mostly bare, with the
constituent parts that are heavy on the middle and outer electrons. Shortly
after that Bohr soon developed his own theory that new and radical about the
structure of atoms.
Working paper Bohr-like cradles
history "On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules," published in
the Philosophical Magazine in 1933. Bohr introduced the theory of the atom as a
kind of miniature planets around the sun, with the electrons in orbits around
the subject, but with a crucial difference: when the laws of classical physics
says about the orbital velocity in all sizes, Bohr proved that electrons in a
atom can only spin in its orbit in a certain specific size. Or in another
formulation of the sentence: the electrons that surround the constituent parts
are in the energy level (shell) given without absorbing or emitting energy.
Electrons can move from the inner layer to the outer layer if it absorbs
energy. Instead, the electrons will move from the outer layer into the deeper
layers of the radiated energy.
Bohr introduced the theory of radical
difference with the notion of the classical theory of physics. Some scientists
are full of imagination (like Einstein) immediately rushed to praise the working
paper Bohr as a "masterpiece," a large work; even so, many other
scientists initially ignoring the truth of the new theory. Experiments of the
most critical is the ability to explain the Bohr theory of the hydrogen atom
spectrum. It has long been known that hydrogen gas when heated at high heat
levels, would give off light. However, this does not cover all light colors,
but only certain frequencies of light from something. The greatest value of the
Bohr theory of the atom is a set of hypotheses could explain the simple but
with provisions that awesome about the exact wavelengths of all spectral lines
(color) emitted by hydrogen. Furthermore, Bohr's theory predicted the existence
of additional spectral lines, look at the time before, but later confirmed by
the experimentalist. In addition, the Bohr theory of atomic structure, first
presenting a clear explanation of why atoms have the size as it is. Judging
from all the events that assure this, the Bohr theory was immediately accepted,
and in 1922 may Bohr, the Nobel Prize for physics.
In 1920 the institution was founded in
Theoretical Physics and Bohr's Copenhagen so directors. Under his leading
quickly attract young scientists are brilliant and it soon became the center of
the world of scientific investigation.
But while the Bohr theory of atomic
structure facing difficulties. Most basic problem is that the Bohr theory,
though perfectly explains the difficulties the future atoms (eg hydrogen),
which has one electron, not exactly estimate the spectra of other atoms. Some
scientists, fascinated by the tremendous success of Bohr's theory explained in
terms of the hydrogen atom, with the perfect little hope Bohr theory, they can
also explain the spectra of heavier atoms. Bohr himself was one of the first to
realize that little improvement will not help, because that's what is needed is
an overhaul radical. But, however he took all reasonable genius, yet he was not
able to solve it.
Solving eventually discovered by
Werner Heisenberg and others, began in 1925. It is interesting to note here,
that Heisenberg and correctly generally new-- scientists who developed the
theory of learning in Copenhagen, which undoubtedly have benefited greatly from
discussions with Bohr and relate to each other. Bohr himself rushed towards new
ideas and help develop it. He made important contributions to a new theory, and
sodomy discussions and writings, he helped make more systematic.
1930s more attention to the problem
shows the basic parts of the atomic structure. He developed an important model
"liquid drop" the principal part of the atom. He also put forward the
theory of the problem of the "combination of the constituent parts"
in an atomic reaction to be solved. Moreover, Bohr is a person who quickly
claimed that the uranium isotopes involved in nuclear division is U235. This
statement has significance in the subsequent development of the atomic bomb.
In 1940 German troops occupied
Denmark. It's putting yourself in danger Bohr, in part because he had anti-Nazi
attitude is widespread, in part because his mother was Jewish. In 1943, Bohr
fled from Denmark who became occupied areas, to Sweden. He also helped a large
number of Danish Jews escape to avoid death in the gas chambers of Hitler. From
Sweden Bohr fled to England and from there cross into the United States. In
this country, during the war, Bohr help make atomic bombs. After the war, Bohr
returned to Denmark and village heads the institute until his spirit hovering
1`562 year. In the years after the war Bohr strive success-- --even not push
the international community in order to supervise the use of atomic energy.
Bohr married in 1912, at about the
time he did a great job in the field of science. She had five children, one
named Aage Bohr, won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1975. Bohr was the most
favored in the world of scientists, not solely because of his knowledge
saluting the genius, but also his personality and character and humanity that
depth.
Although the original Bohr's theory of
atomic structure is over fifty years ago, he remains one of the great figures
in the 20th century. There are several reasons why it is so. First, some of the
important things are still considered correct theory. For example, the idea
that an atom could exist only on the level of energy that is carefully form an
integral part of all theories of atomic structure next. Another thing, Bohr
picture of the atom has a great significance for finding something for
yourself, even though modern scientists do not think it was literally true. The
most important of all, perhaps, is the idea of Bohr which is the driving force
for the development of "quantum theory." Although some ideas have
expired, but it is certainly historically theories have proved the starting
point of the modern theory of the atom and the subsequent development of the
field of quantum mechanics.