One of the
body composers are muscles and bone. Muscle and bone who give shape to animal’s
body in composed of different tissues, and it depends on the function and
structure. And so does the other composer, each part is consisted of several
tissues. Meanwhile, animal tissues consisted of epithelial tissue, connective
or supporting tissue, muscular tissue and nervous tissue.
1.
Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue is tissues formed by dense cells composed in flat like
a membrane that covering outer part or coating the body cavity or an organ.
Based on its function, epithelial tissue is divided into protecting epithelium,
secretion epithelium, sensory epithelium, and absorption epithelium. Protecting
epithelium covers or coats body/duct cavity that relates to body
surface. Secretion epithelium produces a substance and secretes
it. There are two types of secretion epithelium, namely endocrine and exocrine.
The example of endocrine gland are hypophysis and exocrine is sebaceous gland
(oil gland). Sensory epithelium can be found around the sense
organs, for example in tongue. Absorption epithelium is
epithelium that does actively the absorption, for example in the intestine and
kidney’s nephron.
Based on the shape of its composer cells, this tissue is divided into flat,
dome, and cylindrical epithelium. Based on its amount of layers, this tissue is
divided into two, namely simple epithelial tissue and stratified epithelial
tissue.
a.
Simple squamous epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium is flattened or rather thin
with a nucleus in the middle and merely in the form of cell rows. This kind of
epithelium has the function to allow diffusion process and filtration through
its selective permeable surface.
b.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium has box-shaped cells with
the nucleus in the middle. The functions of the epithelium are secretion and
absorption. Simple cuboidal epithelium can be found in glands layer, ovary
surface, and inner surface of the lens, pigmented epithelium in retina and
kidney tubules.
c.
Simple columnar epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium has long cells like tube
with the nucleus in the lower part. The functions of this epithelium are
secretion, absorption, protection, and lubricator. Usually, there are cilia and
mucous to be found in its surface, for example cylindrical epithelium in
oviduct. This epithelium can be found in stomach, intestine (microvillus and
villus), digestive glands, gall bladder, digestive tract, upper respiratory
system and uterus (womb).
d.
Stratified squamous epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium has a function as
protection. This epithelium can be found in epidermis of vagina, mouth,
oesophagus, anus, and distal point of urethra.
e.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Stratified cuboidal epithelium has a secretion
function. This epithelium can be found in sweat gland and oil gland, epithelium
of ovary and testicles.
f.
Stratified columnar epithelium
Stratified columnar epithelium has secretion and
movement function. This epithelium can be found in the surface of larynx, nose,
soft palate, urethra, secretory tract, saliva gland and mammary gland.
g.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
This epithelium has as if two layers, but they only
have one layer. This is caused by the cells that undergo unequal development
that there are cells which risen and some of them are shortened. The functions
of this epithelium are protection, secretion, and substance movement tract
through the surface. The pseudostratified columnar epithelium can be found in
large excretory tract, male reproductive tract, nasal cavity, and respiratory
tract.
h.
Transitional epithelium
Transitional epithelium has cells that can change in
shapes form flat to cube-shaped. Under a pressed condition, the cells will be
in flat shape. When not depressed, the cells will be in cubes-shape. This
epithelium can be found in urine bladder, ureter, urethra, and kidney. If the
urine bladder is empty, the epithelial cells are in cube-shaped. Contrarily, if
the urine bladder is full, the epithelial cells are flattened.
i.
Glandular epithelium
The function of glandular epithelium are for synthesis
process, storage and product secretion. This epithelium can be found in dermal
gland, mammary gland, digestive gland, and endocrine gland.
2.
Connective or supporting tissue
The connective or supporting tissue is a tissue with fibers to support
cells in the tissue. The function of this tissue is supporting other body’s
tissues and covering weak organs. The kinds of connective/supporting tissues
are among other things, fatty tissue, loose fibrous connective tissue, dense
fibrous connective tissue, bone tissue, cartilage tissue, blood tissue, and
lymph tissue.
a.
Fatty tissue (adipose)
Fat accumulation in the body can be found in several
sites, among other things in the heap, waist, abdomen or arms, usually in
women. The function fat accumulation in the body is to keep the body
temperature. Other function of fatty tissue is as place to store fat, food
reserves, as bearing for protection and isolation to the heat loss. The shape
of fatty tissue is loose and composed of polygon or round-shaped fatty cells
with thin cell wall.
Fatty
tissue can be found in entire body, namely under the skin layer, around the
kidney, in the bearing around the joints and in the marrow of long bone.
b.
Loose fibrous connective tissue
The function of this tissue is surrounding various
organs: supporting nervous cells and blood vessel: store the glucose, mineral
salts and water: supporting tissue and organs. This tissue has large matrix
with considerable cells and fibres attach inside (fibroblast, plasma cell,
macrophage and white blood cells). Loose fibrous connective tissue is composed
of collagens and elastin. This tissue can be found around and among the organs
or covering muscles, blood vessels and nerves.
c.
Dense fibrous connective tissue
The functions of dense fibrous connective tissue are
as supporting and protection. Besides, it connects also muscle and
bone(tendon), and between bones (ligament). Dense fibrous connective tissue is
composed of flexible but inelastic collagen tissue. Dense fibrous connective
tissue can be found in fascia, tendon membrane, ligament and tendon.
d.
Bone tissue (osteon)
The function of bone tissue are to form the skeleton
that supports the body and protects soft body parts, and binding the skeleton’s
muscle. Bone tissue has calcareous intercellular matrix. This is caused by
deposit of mineral salts, namely CaCO3 and Ca(PO4)2.
Bone tissue undergoes calcification, which is a process of calcium addition to
the bone that the bone becomes strong. Based on the matrix of its composer, the
bone is divided into two types, compact bone tissue (hard bone) and spongy bone
tissue. Compact bone tissue has solid matrix, while spongy bone tissue has
porous matrix.
In bone tissue,
mineral substance is stored in bone matrix that forms thin layers called
lamella. Lamella is composed concentrically surrounding the Haversian canal,
which is an interconnected and prolonged canal. Lamella and haversian canal
form a Haversian system.
e.
Cartilage tissue
The function of cartilage tissue are giving strength
and supporting embryo’s skeleton and parts of mature skeleton. This tissue has
many matrices, elastic and fulfilled with cartilage cells. Cartilage cells
positioned in a cavity and its outer part is covered by fibrous. There are
three cartilage tissues, namely hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic
cartilage.
f.
Blood tissue
The functions of blood tissue are, among other things,
to carry food essence to the body cells and transport discharge substances
resulted from metabolism out of the cell: transport oxygen and carbon dioxide:
fight the disease germs. Blood tissue is characterized by its liquid
composition (called plasma) and solid composition that is the blood itself.
There are several blood cells: among other things are erythrocytes (red blood
cells), leucocytes (white blood cells) and thrombocyte (blood platelets).
g.
Lymphatic tissue
The function of the lymph tissue is to carry protein,
fat and other substances from all tissues to the circulatory system. The
characteristics of lymph tissues are, among other things, formed from water,
glucose, fat and salts, its cellular component is in the form of lymphocyte and
granulocyte. Lymphatic fluid plays role in immune system.
3.
Muscular tissue
The function of muscular tissue is to do movement in various parts of the
body. Muscular tissue can do contraction because they have long contractile protein
that contains smooth fibres called myofibrils. Based on its nature,
characteristic and function, muscular tissue is divided into smooth muscle,
skeletal (striated) muscle and cardiac muscle.
4.
Nervous tissue
Nervous tissue is consisted of branches nervous. Neurons are capable to
react. This capability is included irritability (capability or neurons to
respond to the environmental change) and conductivity (capability of neurons to
bring nerve impulse or message to the central nervous system). Nervous
consisted of neuron body that composed
of cell plasma and nucleus. There are granules in the cell plasma that come
from clumps of endoplasmic reticulum called Nissl body. Axon or neurite is
protrusion of neuron body with a long size. Axon is covered by axoplasm called
myelin sheath. Dendrite is protrusion of neuron body with s short size.
The
collection of neurons will form ganglion. A group of cells with function to
give nutrient and materials for the living of neuron is called neuroglia.
Neuroglia is consisted of myelin sheath and neurilemma.